Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

A DNA sample can be copied many times (amplified) in vitro in a 3-step cycle.

  • Denaturation: Heating the DNA to separate the double-stranded molecule into single strands.
  • Annealing: Cool the mixture to allow complementary primers to hydrogen-bond to the single strands.
  • Extension: Add DNA polymerase and nucleotides to replicate each strand.

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