Riverwalk Ecology Karen Hofstra 848-5017 khofstra@napervilleparks.org 1) Genevieve Towsley: A View of Historic Naperville, 1975 maps 1, 220, 254. photos 70, 90 2) James Hackett: Geolologic Factors in Community Development at Naperville, 1968 1990 DuPage River basin home to 10% IL population, 36 in. rainfall headwaters in Hanover Park & Bloomington, fed by springs 1673 Marquette & Joliet blazed trails. 1780 Du Pazhe French trapper/trader at fork 1820 Pre-emption Act 80 acres @ $1.25/acre 1831 Bailey Hobson, Joseph Naper. 1835 Saw mill & dam, 1840 grist. Burlington Park lake dammed for boating p. 93, skate in winter Woodland cut for timber: log dam Pre-emption House built of oak, walnut clapboard, maple floor, white pine interior trim. George Martin (brick & tile magnate): Martin-Mitchell mansion 1832 Black Hawk War: Sauk and Fox tribes. Pottawatomie chiefs Waubonsie, Shabbona, Aptakisic (Half Day). Waubonsie village in Aurora. (Makers of Fire) blood brothers to Ottawa, Chippewa. Illinois dominant in 17th century. Iroquois, Sauk, Kickapoo, Pott. Chicago Ave: Buffalo trail Ogden Ave: Ottawa trail p. 57 1850 Plank (toll) Road: bur & white oak planks, follows Chicago-Galena stage coach line over swamps. East of Naperville branch to Warrenville & St Charles, Naperville to Oswego & Sycamore. Plank Road killed by Northwestern RR to Wheaton (Rock Island line). Chicago/Burlington/Quincy RR 1864. Riverwalk developed 1981 to celebrate Naperville’s Sesquicentennial. 80 acres City Hall built with imported Italian marble, sinking because it was built too close to the river. Dolomite quarry (Paddleboat Pond & C. Beach) bought in 1931 from the Fred Von Oven Estate (Naperville Stone Company) by 33 residents for centennial 1932, reimbursed by city 1932. Von Oven & Boecker: Naperville Stone Co. 1884-late 1890. Big quarry (pond?) owned by Dolese and Shepard ~1890. Ceased 1904. Von Ovens also owned Napervile Tile and Brick Works: 2) "The clay found in inexhaustible supply is of a peculiarly fine quality", and Naperville Nurseries. Mammoth at Blackwell was discovered while digging for clay for lake. Closed due to water seeping into quarry. Spur rail line from Chicago, Burlington and Quincy line along Ewing St and Jackson Ave served Naperville Electric dept, removed 1960. Limestone and dolomite were deposited during Silurian Period (400 MBP), when Illinois was part of Laurentia and situated just south of the paleoequator, and was covered by a shallow tropical sea. Marine animals with calcium carbonate shells or skeletons, such as corals, brachiopods, peleopods (clams), cephalopods (squid-like) crinoids (sea lily), and trilobites proliferated and formed reefs extending to Niagara Falls. Their remains formed the Niagaran Series dolomite (Joliet, Sugar Run - Joliet or Athens marble fro Joliet-Lemont - and Racine Formations). Sugar Run limestone tends to exfoliate, replaced by Indiana's Bedford limestone for building material. Thornton Quarry is Racine Formation, current use mainly for crushed aggregate for construction (concrete). Stone buildings: Old Main @ North Central (Western), old Nichols Library 1898 Millennium Tower: limestone. p 71: Main on Franklin: Stenger Brewery stone building, later IL Mushroom, demolished 1956, now IL Bell Naperville C.O. 252: NE Jackson & Webster: Stenger Brewery, then Municipal Center NW Jackson & Eagle: Brewery, cheese, mushrooms. Illinois state soil (Aug/2001): Drummer silty clay loam: 40-60 inches of loess and underlying glacial drift. 2) Granite basement below 4k feet. 3 layers of Sandstone: Mt. Simon > 1800 ft, Ironton-Galesville 1200-1500 ft, St. Peter 600-900 ft. Then shale, dolomite, glacial deposits. 4 wells in dolomite bedrock, 1 in sandstone (cracks and narrow openings store ground water. Sand and gravel deposits may also hold ground water. Ground relief in Naperville is 180 feet. West Branch avg flow 50 cubic feet/sec. Melting of glacier left pebbly clay; meltwater deposted sand and gravel in West Branch valley. Jefferson Ave bridge: The land slopes up sharply to the east. This marks the western edge of the West Chicago Moraine (in the Valparaiso Morainic system) left by the Wisconsinan glaciation. Legacy from the glacier include gravel in the moraines, loess and glacial till (glacial drift - unlithified sediment - average about 100 feet deep). To west is Manhattan-Minooka Groundmoraine. Ice age average 10 MY: mid Precambrian, end Precambrian, Permian Pleistocene epoch (Quaternary period) 2 MBP, Wisconsin 75 KBP Photosynthesis: NaOH absorb CO2, NA bicarbonate release CO2 6 CO2 + 12 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6 H2O Division Spermatophyta: classes Gymnospermae and Angiospermae Angeion Sperma: vessel seed Gymnos: naked Division Ginkgophyta: late Triassic, 200MBP Wood lacks axial parenchyma Dichotomously branched veins, no central vein (midrib) dicots Most died Tertiary 25MBP G. adiantoides Pliocene Epoch 10MBP Flagellated sperm like ferns, swim to ovules Division Coniferophyta: late Jurassic Order Coniferales, Order Taxales Ovaries not enclosed in ovules, pollen land directly on ovules, in liquid secreted by cone, then absorbed Division Magnoliophyta: Cretaceous Sperm descend in pollen tube Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Homo erectus, habilis, sapiens sapiens, sapiens neanderthalis Hardy supercoolong to -40: Very Hardy extracellular freezing: Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera, Abies balsamea, Picea, Larix, P. banksiana Plants inventory Dandelion Fountain: Lilac: Syringa paired end buds, Eurasian Pinus nigra: sapsucker holes Diplodia tip blight: needles stunted, pycnidia at base under sheath and on cone scales, spread by rain Prickle on cone tip, needle does not snap when bent in half Pinus sylvestris Pine Wilt is fatal: nematode/sawyer beetle Crataegus: black knot? Picea abies: white lines are stomata w/ wax over cuticle Bridge at Eagle North side: Tilia spp: turn yellow creamy flower clusters, pointed fruit T. cordata (Littleleaf) flower cluster above leaves, not droop T. americana "Redemond": ornamental variety Humming tree, pest-free; Linden tea from blossoms Euonymus alatus Burning Bush - winged Aesculus parviflora Bottlebrush Buckeye Salix spp. (babylonica Weeping) Pliable twigs used for wicker baskets Betula papyrifera? Potawatomi (People of Fire) use birch bark for roof and Cattail mats for sides in winter wigwams Sap flow from root pressure (also grape), buds break in fluff B. nigra: resistant to bronze birch borer A. saccharum (Sycamore,butternut) flow from freeze/thaw; dead wood fiber cells filled with gas (CO2 twice as soluble at 0 than at 20), osmotic pressure from concentrated sugar; sap tastes bitter after budding South side: Populus deltoides (Salicaceae): dioecious. sticky buds above leaf scar, 3 bundle scars (Populus) reddish staminate, green-yellow pistillate catkins fruit in capsule clusters attached to cottony hairs glands at end of flattened petiole teepee leaves; Hopis carve roots into kachina dolls Hydrangea quercifolia Snow Queen (Oakleaf Hydrangea): exfoliated bark, white panicle, leaves turn pink->burgundy opposite, 4 parted-flowers, yellow buds On north side: alternate tree? Gymnocladus dioica: thick pods, coffee substitute dioecious? opp. branched shrub w/ blue fruit? Rudbeckia laciniata Tall or Green-headed Coneflower, Goldenglow Verbena hastata Pycnanthemum (Mountain Mint): stalkless toothed leaves, rounded at base Pinus strobus: rings around branch base. Resin from conifers in oxygen-poor sediment can polymerize to form amber; copal is an intermediate fossil. Earliest inclusions found in Cretaceous period. Soft pine: 1 resin duct in needle, old needles lack sheaths Resin ducts also in Picea, Pseudotsuga, Larix Ulmus ? small buds, leaves turn yellow, notch in samara 1930 European elm logs with burls infested w/ elm bark beetles Vase shape: boulevard tree Fraxinus ? x2 F.americana: peeling old twigs, long petiolules, raised l.scars F.pennsylvanica: pubescent twigs, blade green under, not pale Rhus glabra (common), typhina (uncommon) Acer negundo with low branch: Dioecious; B.E. bug feed on female flowers, hibernate in houses & do not eat. Produce sap. Buds *surrounded* by leaf scar dark, greenish twig whitish bloom, white lenticels hairy, blunt buds; seeds feed Evening & Pine Grosbeaks. Warty galls: mites; Round galls: gall gnat. Acer platanoides (dioecious?) blunt terminal buds, keeled scales (A.saccharum pointed) Alnus glutinosa (rugosa gray smooth bark, horizontal lenticels)? purplish buds valvate scales Malus ? yellow fruit, oval leaf w slight teeth. Inferior ovary compound pistils? Carillon: dead Pinus strobus Ginkgo biloba: no central vein (midrib). Leathery leaf. Extinct from glaciation excpet in Chinese monateries. Leaves drop at same time Bridge Acer negundo Cercis canadensis? peapod fruits? North side Celtis occidentalis Ulmaceae: False end bud witches broom due to fungus (powdery mildew)/mite Nipple galls underleaf: jumping lice Peattie: likes constant H2O from seams in limestone, seak water and sewer pipes. Plotnik: survives drought Ulmus ? Abies balsamea? Thuja occidentalis Arborvitae Jacques Cartier 1535 drank leaf & bark tea to cure scurvy shingles, fencing, canoes Western Red Cedar for paneling Juniperus virginiana (Eastern RedCedar?) Scaly leaves Cedar-Apple Rust galls: form orange-yellow spots on crabapple hawthorn spots: Cedar-Hawthorn rust Cedar-Quince Rust: smaller galls, spore horns on hawthorn fruit spherical canker on stems, brown leaves Morus alba: sometimes dioecious; may change gender! Pollen wind-pollinated. Buds reddish, hug twig. Milky sap in petiole mixed by Bombyx mori saliva for silk. Imported from China 1631, silk production too labor intensive. Cylindrical fruit not a berry: each lobe 1 flower: sepals swollen to fold over the seed. M. rubra longer, tastes better. Morus rubra: sandpaper leaves, hairy beneath. Quercus alba: cup fungi on bark Oak apple gall (?): tannic acid used as ink by medieval monks Tannic acid binds protein in hides - rot resistent, tanning. Oak barrels, dominant in savannas without shrub understory. Woods: White & Yellow Sweet Clover Reed Canary Grass: matted, shallow roots Black Raspberry Silphium perfoliatum Populus alba Staphylea trifolia Bladdernut: small tree, opp compound 3-parted balloon capsule contains seeds, central end bud Cercis canadensis: red flower before leaves Fabacea 5-petal flower: banner, wings, keel Does not fix nitrogen (Peterson) Carya: Survive glaciation in N.A. due to N-S mountain ranges, extinct in Europe & Asia Juglans: roots allelopathic chemical: Juglone toxic to pepper & tomato squirrel brain is size of walnut, rear ankles can be turned European walnuts smaller; European squirrels smaller Gray squirrels strip walnut husk before burying; aged shell easier to gnaw Craetagus: Leaf blight fungus upperleaf Mallard: Dabbling (marsh) duck: tip up, spring directly from water expanding into black duck territory: habitat loss (pot holes?) poisoned by lead pellets (1400/bird=1/2 lb), up to bald eagles, digested in gizzard only females quack. males molt in early summer to eclipse plumage, then late summer molt to breeding plumage. eat hard seeds and grains, shoots of sedge, grass, aq. veg, aq. inv, snails, arrowhead tubers (duck potato) seasonally monogamous, male does not quack, no dark patch bill feral ducks of domestic origin Diving: canvasback, redhead, small wings, running takeoff Eiders: sea diving ducks, dense down feathers Sea ducks Mergansers Stiff-tailed Whistling Perching: wood duck, sharp claws next in cavities Nuphar advena Spatter Dock (Yellow Pond-Lily) Giant Floater mussel Thorium, Kerr McGee Channelization: erosion Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp closed 1973 thorium waste used as landfill West Chicago wells > 300 ft deep 66.28.46.60 Jeanne, Karen, I went over to DuPage River Park today to see if I can catch some woodland flowers. Didn't see much there, then took a hike at Knoch Knolls Park, and found quite a bit: Mayapples (just starting to bloom) Trillium erectum Trout Lily (not blooming - too young?) Solomon's Seal False Solomon's Seal Geranium maculatum Virginia Waterleaf (in bud) Virginia Bluebells (near end of blooms) Jacob's Ladder Phlox divericata Wild Strawberry Jack in the Pulpit Rue Anemone Toothwort (in fruit) Bloodroot (in fruit) Violet Wild Ginger Wild Leek Wild Onion I took the route west of the bridge; I did not take the path going east; it did not look as promising. I think this park offers definite possibilities for a spring wildflower hike next year. Mid-late May may be a good time to do it; the late spring flowers are beginning to bloom, the early ones are in fruit, and the weather should be pleasant. Peter Chen 357-2338