Wetland Notes Hydric soil: water logged soil lack air, low oxygen, poor decomposition. Sulfate reduction (Rotten egg smell of H sulfide): 8e- + 10H++ SO4 -----> H2S + 4H2O Organic matter accumulates, can absorb nutrients and chemicals. Roots can take up phosphorus & nitrogen, microbes remove sulfur & nitrogen. Slow surface runoff & settle sediment. Phylum Chordata

Class Aves

Class Amphibia

Class Reptilia: Turtles of Illinois

Class Actinopterygii (Bony Fish): Fishes of Illinois

• Order Siluriformes: Catfish. Barbels (feelers): nocturnal bottom scavengers.

Phylum Mollusca

Class Cephalopoda: Squid and Octopi

Class Gastropoda (Stomach Feet): Snails, Slugs, Limpets

• Order Archaeogastropoda: Abalone
• Order Pulmonata: Land snails, slugs have lungs instead of gills.

Class Pelecypoda (Hatchet Feet) (Bivalvia): Orders based on gill structure. No head - small ganglia, large foot, annual rings. Strong abductor muscles hold valves. Can detect shadow and movement - scallops have poor eyes, can swim by clapping the shells.

• Order Ostreoida
  Family Ostreidae, Crassostrea virginica Eastern Oyster: 1 abductor, byssus, no foot.
  Family Pectinidae, Argopecten irradians Atlantic Bay Scallop: no siphon, clap w/ 1 abductor
• Order Pterioida Family Pteriidae, Pearl Oysters (salt water).
• Order Unionoida Family Unionidae - Fresh Water Clams (Mussels): dark, burrowing, mother-of-perl or nacre, eulamellibranch gills. Glochidia (larvae) cling to gills or fins (scales) of fishes.
  - Lasmigona compressa Creek Heelsplitter (IL threatened), Lasmigona complanata White Heelsplitter (common) 8 in.
  Pyganodon grandis Giant Floater 5.1 in.
• Order Venerioda
  Family Sphaeriidae, Fingernail Clams
  Family Cardiacea, Tridacna maxima Giant Clam: siphones, reduced foot
  Family Dreissenoidea: Dreissena polymorpha Zebra Mussel: Black & Caspian Sea, sessile.
  Family Veneridae, Protothaca staminea Pacific Littleneck Clam (Steamer) Intertidal
• Order Mytiloida
  Family Mytilidae (Mussels): Mytilus edulis Blue Mussel: marine/intertidal on solid substrate Byssus (beard), filibranch gills. Cultivated on ropes. Orange meat: females, white male & immature

Phylum Arthropoda

Class Crustacea

• Order decapoda Crayfish: cephalothorax: can regrow legs. 10 walking legs, 1st pair are chelipeds, next 2 pairs are chelate. 3 pairs maxillipeds. Gills attached to the proximal (uppermost) end of the maxillae and walking legs. Swimmerets: 1st pair are enlarged gonopods in males for transferring sperm, used by females to hold eggs. 2 pairs of antennae: antennae for touch, antennules for taste. Blue blood: copper instead of iron. Compound eyes. Chitin: cellulose-like polysaccharide,flexible. Molt. Carapace over cephalothorax. Telson : seventh segment of the crayfish's abdomen: useful in backward swimming. Uropod : lateral plate, located on either side of the last abdominal segment, useful in backward swimming. Green glands located at the base of the antennae excrete nitrogenous wastes. Urine passes though the excretory pore at the base of each antenna.

Class Insecta

• Order Odonata: Dragonfly nymph swims via jet propulsion: shoot water from anal pore like water canon (Fabre).

Phylum Magnoliophyta

Class Liliopsida (Monocots)

• Order Commelinidae Family Typhaceae: Typha latifolia, Common Cattail: no gap between staminate and pistillate flowers below. Clone from creeping rhizomes.
  Thoreau demo: pull tightly packed seed spike: expands immediately. Nest material for Goldfinch, mice.
  Clubiona riparia Sac Spider folds leaf tip with silk, deposit egg sac, dies as meal.
  Cattail moth caterpillar Limnaecia phragmitella fastens silk webbing around spike, and overwinter, cocoon in spring in fluff or stem. Infested spikes fluff out and droop. Chickadees & R.W.Blackbirds feed on caterpillars. Birds may also cache food there.
  spongy aerenchyma.
• Order Alismatidae Family Alismataceae: Sagittaria latifolia, Broad-leaved Arrowhead (Duck Potato): 3-ranked seedpods, beaked seed like bird's head. Tuber too deep & big for ducks unless in soft mud. Cached by beavers & muskrats. Large transpiration dries up vernal ponds, eliminated from reservoirs.